Da afirmação enfática à concessividade: dois estudos de caso na história do português/ From Emphatic Affirmation to Concessivity: Two Case Studies in the History of Portuguese
Abstract
Resumo: Este trabalho investiga os processos diacrônicos de constituição de duas perífrases conjuncionais concessivas do português, bem que e se bem que. Com respaldo teórico da Gramaticalização, sobretudo Traugott e Dasher (2002), Heine e Kuteva (2007), Bybee (2010), e de alguns pressupostos de teorias pragmáticas sobre concessividade, conforme Anscombre (1980), Ducrot (1984), Moeschler e Spengler (1982), Rossari (2014), a questão maior está na compreensão do elo entre a semântica da fonte adverbial, os processos inferenciais instigados contextualmente e o tipo de significado concessivo. As análises são baseadas em uma amostra diacrônica que reúne textos do português antigo ao moderno e em uma metodologia norteada pelos padrões
polissêmicos das construções com suas respectivas propriedades distribucionais. Os resultados fornecem evidências de que, embora se trate de dois fenômenos de mudança que emergem em diferentes estados de língua e em contextos distintos, ambos têm na fonte o advérbio bem, na função de afirmação enfática, e ambos se especializam na expressão de relações concessivas restritivas. Os dados duplamente compatíveis com as interpretações fonte e alvo indiciam processos graduais da pragmática à semântica, nos quais as noções de polifonia e hierarquia argumentativa são importantes.
Palavras-chave: junção; concessividade; gramaticalização; diacronia.
Abstract: This paper investigates the diachronic establishment process of two
concessive conjunctional periphrases in Portuguese, bem que and se bem que. With theoretical support from Grammaticalization, in particular Traugott and Dasher (2002), Heine and Kuteva (2007), Bybee (2010), and some assumptions from pragmatic theories about concessivity, according to Anscombre (1980), Ducrot (1984), Moeschler and Spengler (1982), Rossari (2014), the main issue is about understanding the link between the semantics of the adverbial source, the contextually induced inferential processes and the type of concessive meaning. The analyses are based on a diachronic sample featuring texts from ancient to modern Portuguese, and on a methodology guided by the the constructions’ polysemic standards with their corresponding distributional properties. The results provide evidence that, despite being two change phenomena which arise in different states of language and distinct contexts, both have the adverb bem at their source, in the role of emphatic affirmation, and both specialize in expressing restrictive concessive relations. The data doubly compatible with source and target interpretations evidences gradual processes from pragmatic towards semantics, in which the concepts of polyphony and argumentative hierarchy are of importance.
Keywords: junction; concessivity; grammaticalization; diachrony.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDF (Português (Brasil))References
ANSCOMBRE, J. C. Marqueurs et hypermarqueurs de dérivation illocutoire: notions et problèmes. Cahiers de linguistique française 3, p. 75–124, 1980.
BARBOSA, J. S. Grammatica philosophica da lingua portugueza. Lisboa: Typographia da Academia das Sciencias, 1822.
BYBEE, J. Language, usage and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9780511750526
CASTRO, I. A estrada de Cintra. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 2017.
COMPANY CAMPANY, C. Sintaxis histórica y tradiciones discursivas. In: LOPEZ SERENA, A. et al. (eds.). El Español a través del tempo: estudios ofrecidos a Rafael Cano Aguilar. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2016. p. 385-413.
CORTES PARAZUELOS, M. E. La expresión de la concesividad en español. Tese de doutorado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1992.
CORTES PARAZUELOS, M. E. Bipolares al servicio de la concesividad: causales, condicionales y adversativas. VERBA, 20, p.221-254, 1993.
DETGES, U.; WALTEREIT, R. Diachronic pathways and pragmatic strategies: different types of pragmatic particles from a diachronic of view. In: HANSEN, M. M.; VISCONTI, J. (eds.). Current Trends in Diachronic Semantics and Pragmatics. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2009. p. 43-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253216_002
DUCROT, O. Le dire et le dit. Paris: Minuit, 1984.
GAST, V. A corpus-based comparative study of concessive connectives in English, German and Spanish. In: LOUREDA, O. et. al. (eds.). Empirical Studies of the Construction of Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. p.151-191. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1075/
pbns.305
HANSEN, M. M. La grammaticalisation de l’interaction, ou, Pour une approche polysémique de l’adverbe ‘bien’. Revue de Sémantique et Pragmatique 4, p. 111-138, 1998.
HARRIS, M. Concessive clauses in English and Romance. In: HAIMAN, J.; THOMPSON, S. (eds.). Clause combining in gramar and discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 1988. p. 71-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.18
HEINE, B.; KUTEVA, T. The genesis of grammar: a reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
ILARI, R. Sobre os advérbios focalizadores. In: ILARI, R. (org.). Gramática do português falado, vol. II, 4a ed. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2002. p.181-198.
KABATEK, J. Tradições discursivas e mudança linguística. In: LOBO, T. et al. (org.). Para a história do português brasileiro. Salvador: Editora da UFBA, 2006. p.505-527.
KÖNIG, E. On the history of concessive connectives in English: diachronic and synchronic evidence. Lingua, 66, p.1-19, 1985a. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(85)90240-2
KÖNIG, E. Where do concessives comes from? On the development of concessive connectives. In: FISIAK, J. (ed.). Historical semantics – Historical word-formation. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1985b. p.263-282. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110850178
KÖNIG, E. Concessive connectives and concessive sentences: cross-linguistic regularitites and pragmatic principles. In: HAWKINS, J. (org.). Explaining language universals. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988. p. 145-166.
KÖNIG, E. The meaning of focus particles: a comparative perspective. London/New York: Routledge, 1991.
KORTMANN, B. Adverbial subordination: a typology and history of adverbial subordinators based on European languages. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1997. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1515/9783110812428
LATOS, A. Concession on diferent levels of linguistic connection: typology of negated causal links. Newcastle Working Papers in Linguistics, 15, 2009. p. 32-103, 2009.
LEÃO, A. V. O período hipotético iniciado por ‘se’. Belo Horizonte: Editora da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1961.
LOPES, A. C. M. A polifuncionalidade de ‘bem’ no PE contemporâneo. In: SILVA, A. S. et al. (org.). Linguagem, cultura e cognição. Coimbra: Almedina, 2004. p. 433-457.
MAURI, C.; AUWERA, J. Connectives. In: ALLAN, K.; JASZCZOLT, K. (eds). The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 377-401. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1017/CBO9781139022453
MOESCHLER, L.; SPENGLER, N. La concession ou la refutation interdite: approches argumentative et conversationnelle. Cahiers de linguistique française, 4, p. 7-36, 1982.
MONTERO CARTELLE, E. La importancia del modo en la evolución de la expressión concesiva. Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Lengua Espanola. Gredos: Valencia, 2000. p. 795-801.
NARBONA JIMÉNEZ, A. Las subordinadas adverbiales impropias en español. Málaga: Libreria Ágora, 1990.
NEVES, M. H. Gramática de usos. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2000.
NEVES, M. H.; BRAGA, M. L. As construções hipotáticas/adverbiais. In: NEVES, M. H. (org.). Gramática do português culto falado no Brasil. São Paulo: Contexto, 2016. p. 123-166.
NEVES, M. H.; CONEGLIAN, A. V. L. O estatuto categorial dos subordinadores adverbiais complexa numa visão cognitive-funcional da linguagem. Entrepalavras, vol. 8, p.9-27, 2018. DOI: http://
dx.doi.org/10.22168/2237-6321-6esp1337
PANDER MAAT, H. Two kinds of concessives and their inferential complexities. In: KNOTT, A. et al. (eds.). Levels of representation in Discourse. Edinburgh: Human Communication Centre, 1999. p. 45-54.
PÉREZ SALNAYA, M.; SALVADOR, V. Oraciones concesivas. In: COMPANY COMPANY, C. (ed.). Sintaxis histórica de la lengua española. México: FCE, 2014. p. 3699-3839.
RIBEIRO, J. Grammatica portuguesa. São Paulo: Typographia de Jorge Seckler, 1881.
RIVAROLA, J. L. Las conjunciones concesivas en español medieval y clásico. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1976.
RODRÍGUEZ SOMOLINOS, A. certes, voire: l´évolution sémantique de deux marqueurs assertifs de l´ancien français. Linx 32, p.51-76, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ linx.1995.1374
ROSSARI, C. How does a concessive value emerge? In: GHEZZI, C; MOLINELLI, P. (eds.) Discourse and pragmatic markers from latin to the romance languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. p. 237-260. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681600.001.0001
RUDOLPH, E. Contrast: adversative and concessive expressions on sentence and text level. Berlin/ New York: De Gruyter, 1996.
SQUARTINI, M. Evidentiality in interaction: the concessive use of the Italian Future between grammar and discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 44, p. 2116-2128, 2012. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.
pragma.2012.09.008
TRAUGOTT, E.; DASHER, R. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1017/ CBO9780511486500
TRAUGOTT, E. Dialogic contexts as motivations for syntactic change. In: CLOUTIER, R. et. al. (eds.). Variation and change in English grammar and lexicon. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010. p. 11-27. DOI: https://
doi.org/10.1515/9783110220339
TRAUGOTT, E. Pragmatics and language change. In: ALLAN, K.; JASZCZOLT, K. M. (eds). The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p.549-566.
WALTEREIT, R. On the origins of grammaticalization and other types of language change in discourse strategies. In: DAVIDSE, K. et al. (eds.). Grammaticalization and Language Change: New reflections. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2012. p.51-72.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.30.3.1397-1436
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sanderléia Roberta Longhin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
e - ISSN 2237-2083
Licensed through Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional