Dimensions of Metaphor Meaning / Dimensões do significado da metáfora
Abstract
Abstract: For many years, scholars have been proposing generic or universal theories of metaphor, but metaphors turn out to be more complex than that. In this paper, we discuss cases that show that metaphor meanings and mappings are contextual. By contextual, we mean the interactions between multiple factors in different timescales. The cases we analyze to make our point come from our study of resistance to metaphors. When people resist metaphors, they tend to explain what meaning the metaphor has to them, thus we see naturally occurring evidence for metaphor’s dynamic and multidimensional meanings. Contrary to Lakoff’s claims, there can be no single source of meaning to metaphors. In a complex systems perspective, metaphor meaning is construed in the interactions between different factors, such as the background of the speakers and listeners, the grammatical form of the metaphor, the co-text, personality, other characteristics of the metaphor (aptness, familiarity, conventionality), the history of previous uses of the metaphor, etc. All these factors operate in a non-deterministic way. In this perspective, conceptual metaphors, acquired through experiences, are one source of constraint to meaning. People share similar meanings to the degree that they share similar experiences, knowledge, and biases.
Resumo: Por muitos anos, pesquisadores vêm propondo teorias genéricas ou universais para as metáforas, mas as metáforas se mostram mais complexas na realidade. Neste artigo, discutimos casos que mostram como os significados e mapeamentos das metáforas são contextuais. Por contextual, referimo-nos às interações entre vários fatores em diferentes escalas de tempo. Os casos que analisamos para corroborar nossa perspectiva vêm de nossos estudos da resistência às metáforas. Quando as pessoas resistem às metáforas, elas tendem a explicar o significado que a metáfora tem para elas. Nessas situações,vemos evidências naturais para os significados dinâmicos e multidimensionais da metáfora. Ao contrário das afirmações de Lakoff, não pode haver uma única fonte de significado para as metáforas. Em uma perspectiva de sistemas complexos, o significado da metáfora é construído nas interações entre diferentes fatores, como os backgrounds de falantes e ouvintes, a forma gramatical da metáfora, o co-texto, o contexto, outras características da metáfora (aptidão, familiaridade, convencionalidade ), a história de usos anteriores da metáfora, etc. Todos esses fatores operam de forma não determinística. Nessa perspectiva, metáforas conceptuais, adquiridas pela experiência, são uma fonte de constrição do significado. As pessoas compartilham significados parecidos à medida que compartilham experiências, conhecimento e vieses parecidos.
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