A geopolítica do futebol em transformação: o caso chinês

Emanuel Leite Jr., Carlos Rodrigues

Resumo


A China só esteve em uma Copa do Mundo de futebol masculino. Foi em 2002 e sua seleção perdeu os três jogos que disputou. Na 75ª posição no ranking da FIFA (junho 2018), a seleção chinesa não se classificou para a Copa do Mundo 2018. As autoridades chinesas, entretanto, querem mudar essa realidade. Para isso, em 2016 foi lançado o “Plano de desenvolvimento do futebol a médio e longo prazo (2016-2050)”. Dentre os objetivos, está o de sediar uma Copa. A meta final é ainda mais ambiciosa: fazer da China uma potência mundial. Para tal, o governo conta com o apoio da iniciativa privada. E desde o lançamento do ‘Plano’, os investimentos de empresas chinesas no futebol aumentaram significativamente, assim como na Copa da Rússia, em que marcas chinesas representaram 37% dos patrocinadores da competição. Este artigo objetiva analisar de que forma o ‘Plano’, como instrumento de Soft Power chinês, tem contribuído para mudar a geopolítica do futebol.


Palavras-chave


Futebol; China; Copa do Mundo; Soft Power; Geopolítica.

Texto completo:

PDF

Referências


ALMEIDA, Bárbara Shaustek De; MARCHI JÚNIOR, Wanderley; PIKE, Elizabeth. The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games and Brazil’s Soft Power. Contemporary Social Science, v. 9, n. 2, p. 271-283, 2013.

BRANNAGAN, Paul Michael; GIULIANOTTI, Richard. Soft Power and Soft Disempowerment : Qatar , Global Sport and Football’s 2022 World Cup Finals. Leisure Studies, v. 34, n. 6, p. 703-719, 2015.

BRANNAGAN, Paul Michael; ROOKWOOD, Joel. Sports Mega-Events, Soft Power and Soft Disempowerment: International Supporters’ Perspectives on Qatar’s Acquisition of the 2022 FIFA World Cup Finals. International Journal of Sport Policy, v. 8, n. 2, p. 1-16, 2016.

CHADE, Jamil. Documentos confidenciais apontam para nova receita recorde de R$ 22,7 bi na Copa. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 9 jun. 2018.

CHADWICK, Simon. A Rap on the Knuckles, but no Burst Bubble. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 28 set. 2018.

CHADWICK, Simon; WIDDOP, Paul; PARNEL, Daniel. A Feast for Wolves. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 28 set. 2018.

CHADWICK, Simon; WIDDOP, Paul; PARNELL, Daniel. The Guanxi of Football. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 28 set. 2018.

CHARI, Tendai. Discursive Constructions of the Germany-Brazil Semi-Final Match During the Fifa 2014 World Cup: the Limits of Football As a Soft Power Resource. Communicatio-South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, v. 41, n. 4, p. 405-422, 2015.

CHEN, Chwen Chwen; COLAPINTO, Cinzia; LUO, Qing. The 2008 Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony: Visual Insights into China’s Soft Power. Visual Studies, v. 27, n. 2, p. 188-195, 2012.

CHEN, Xiaodong. et al. Who Provides the Capital for Chinese Growth: the Public or the Private Sector? Applied Economics, v. 49, n. 23, p. 2238-2252, 2017.

CHINA’S NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM COMMISSION. Medium and Long-Term Plan of Chinese Football Development. [s.l: s.n.].

CORNELISSEN, Scarlett. The Geopolitics of Global Aspiration: Sport Mega-Events and Emerging Powers. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 27, n. 16-18, p. 3008-3025, 2010.

DELGADO, Daniel Ricardo Lemos. Opening Ceremonies of International Sports Events: The Other Face of Chinese Soft Power. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 33, n. 5, p. 1-17, 2016.

FIFA. FIFA Men’s World Ranking. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 28 set. 2018.

FIFA/TMS. Global Transfer Market Report 2017. [s.l: s.n.].

FREEMAN, Kevin. Sport as Swaggering: Utilizing Sport as Soft Power. Sport in Society, v. 15, n. 9, p. 1260-1274, 2012.

GIULIANOTTI, Richard. The Beijing 2008 Olympics: Examining the Interrelations of China, Globalization, and Soft Power. European Review, v. 23, n. 2, p. 286-296, 2015.

GONG, Xun; CORTESE, Corinne. A Socialist Market Economy with Chinese Characteristics: The Accounting Annual Report of China Mobile. Accounting Forum, v. 1978, n. August 2016, p. 1-15, 2017.

GRIX, Jonathan; LEE, Donna. Soft Power, Sports Mega-Events and Emerging States: The Lure of the Politics of Attraction. Global Society, v. 27, n. 4, p. 37-41, 2013.

GUPTA, Amit. India and the IPL: Cricket’s Globalized Empire. The Round Table, v. 98, n. 401, p. 201-2011, 2009a.

GUPTA, Amit. The Globalization of Sports, the Rise of Non-Western Nations, and the Impact on International Sporting Events. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 26, n. 12, p. 1779-1790, 2009b.

HONG, Fan.; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. Sports and Politics in the 1980s: The Olympic Strategy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 74-97, 2012a.

HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. From Barcelona to Athens (1992-2004): “Juguo Tizhi” and China’s quest for global power and Olympic glory. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 113-131, 2012b.

HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. Representing the New China and the Sovietisation of Chinese Sport (1949-1962). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1-29, 2012c.

HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. Sport in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 53-73, 2012d.

HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. China, the Asian Games and Asian Politics (1974-2006). International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 98-112, 2012e.

HONG, Fan.; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. China’s Sports Policy and Politics in the Post-Beijing Olympics Era. International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 29, n. 1, p. 184-189, 2012f.

HONG, Fan; ZHOUXIANG, Lu. The Professionalisation and Commercialisation of Football in China (1993–2013). The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 30, n. 14, p. 1637-1654, 2013.

JUNG, Kwangho; EUN, Jong-Hwan; LEE, Seung-Hee. Exploring Competing Perspectives on Government- Driven Entrepreneurial Ecosystems : Lessons from Centres for Creative Economy and Innovation (CCEI) of South Korea. Centres for Creative Economy and Innovation (CCEI) of South Korea, European Planning Studies, v. 25, n. 5, p. 827-847, 2017.

KORNEEVA, Vera A.; OGURTSOV, Evgeny S. The Politicization of Sports as a Soft Power Public Resource. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v. 9, n. 29, 2016.

KPMG. High stakes: The sponsorship and broadcasting value of the FIFA World Cup. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 09 jul. 2018.

KRZYZANIAK, John S. The Soft Power Strategy of Soccer Sponsorships. Soccer & Society, v. 970, n. January, p. 0, 2016.

LANE, Jan-Erik; ERSSON, Svante. State or Market?: Politics does Matter. International Political Science Review, v. 7, n. 1, p. 91-104, 1986.

LIU, Dongfeng. The Sports Industry: the Next Big Thing in China? China Policy Analysis, 2017.

MANGAN, J. A.; OK, Gwang; KWAK, Young Man. East Reflects on West, East Meets West!: South Korean Media Responses to London 2012. The International Journal of the History of Sport. Taylor & Francis, 2013. Disponível em: Acesso em: 28 set. 2018.

NIELSEN SPORTS. China and Football. [s.l: s.n.].

NYE, Joseph Samuel. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. 1. ed. New York: PublicAffairs, 2004.

NYE, Joseph Samuel. China and Soft Power. South African Journal of International Affairs, v. 19, n. 2, p. 151-155, 2012.

OSTROM, Elinor. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. The American Economic Review, v. 100, n. June, p. 1-33, 2010.

PEOPLE’S DAILY. China to Build 50,000 Football Schools by 2025. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 3 mar. 2017.

PETERS, Michael. A. The Chinese Dream : Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Educational Philosophy and Theory, v. 49, n. 14, p. 1299-1304, 2017.

PLUNKETT RESEARCH. Plunkett Research Sports Industry. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 28 mar. 2018.

REICHE, Danyel. Investing in Sporting Success as a Domestic and Foreign Policy Tool: the Case of Qatar. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 6940, n. April 2015, p. 1-16, 2014.

ROTH, Andrew. World Cup Plaudits Cheer Putin as Russia Revels in Spotlight. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10 jul. 2018.

SAMUEL-AZRAN, Tal; et al. Promoting terror or sport? The Case of Qatar’s International Image. American Behavioral Scientist, v. 60, n. 9, p. 1101-1115, 2016.

SCHMIDT, Sascha L.; SCHREYER, D.; PAFFGEN, C. Dancing wit the dragon: the quest for the Chinese football consumer. [s.l: s.n.].

SCUTTI, Giuseppe; WENDT, Jan A. Football and Geopolitics. GeoSport for Society, v. 5, n. 2, p. 100-106, 2016.

TAN, Tien-Chin; et al. Xi Jin-Ping’s World Cup Dreams: From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power. The International Journal of the History of Sport, v. 3367, n. November, p. 1-17, 2016.

VAN HAM, Peter. The Rise of the Brand State. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 10 jul. 2018.

ZHAN, Xinhuan. The History and Development Trend of China’s Sports Industry Policy. p. 400-402, 2013.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2526-4494.3.2.28-50

Apontamentos

  • Não há apontamentos.


ISSN: 2526-4494 / Qualis-Capes: A4 (provisório)


Licença Creative Commons

Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.